Part of the guide to navigate through attempts to mislead - Nyaydarshan Jatiprayog.
Some excerpts below, full post at, https://nyaydarshannotes.blogspot.com/2024/11/JatiprayogAnOverview.html
... To help the truth seeker against such deceivers, न्यायदर्शनकार has devoted the fifth chapter to highlight patterns these deceivers use.
These patterns range from arguments that are very efficiently projected as logic leading to the truth, logic that appears to identify wrong conclusions (such patterns also help deceiver to project himself as torch bearer of truth), then there are patterns where the deceiver slowly drops pretence to be torch bearer of truth and ultimately we also find arguments which are non-arguments - that can fool no one except only those most eager to accept them for purposes other than reaching the truth.
... Before we go into detail, a very important point. A journey to seek truth must not ever ban questioning, calls for greater clarity, objections to what may appear untruthful, attempts to prove a counterpoint - even if these questions, calls, objections, counterpoints turn out to be incorrect. As far as they are made with due care of being logical and do not contradict self-accepted principles, they are considered part of वाद. वाद leads to true conclusions with greater clarity and more detailed understanding and therefore questions, counterpoints, challenges cannot be banned.
One fallout of the above is, if an act of deceiving is designed carefully where its arguments can be mistaken by that of a truth seeker, pay-off to the deceiver becomes asymmetrical. If he succeeds in his attempt, he gains everything, if he loses, he loses nothing.
... प्राप्यसमा, अप्राप्यसमा जाति
प्राप्यसमा is the infamous 'correlation is not causation' argument used when cause and effect show correlation in broad daylight but not many in target audience understand mechanism of action or this may even be used in conjunction with other Jatiprayog to hide/distort mechanism of action so that 'correlation is not causation' can be used.
अप्राप्यसमा is claiming that there is no correlation in first place when data points are more skilfully hidden/distorted.
These should be countered with sighting mechanism of action, attempts at hiding/distorting data etc.
... अविशेषसम
"Everyone/Everything in a class should be considered equal" stance.
उपपत्तिसम
"You are right, but I am also right"
Detailed notes,
https://nyaydarshannotes.blogspot.com/2022/09/5.1.25-26.html
उपलब्धिसम
"There are cases when the effect is seen even when your claimed cause doesn't exist, so cause-effect claim is wrong" stance.
Jativadi is trying to utilise many-to-one relationship to disprove one of the causes here.
Detailed notes,
https://nyaydarshannotes.blogspot.com/2022/09/5.1.27-28.html
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Full post at https://nyaydarshannotes.blogspot.com/2024/11/JatiprayogAnOverview.html
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